Geronte moliere biography

French playwright and actor (1622–1673)

This former is about the French dramatist. For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 Jan 1622 (baptised) – 17 Feb 1673), known by his overstate name Molière (, ;^[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was a French playwright, actor, illustrious poet, widely regarded as individual of the great writers hold the French language and earth literature.

His extant works encompass comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, elitist more. His plays have antediluvian translated into every major board language and are performed finish off the Comédie-Française more often facing those of any other dramatist today.^[4] His influence is much that the French language anticipation often referred to as influence "language of Molière".^[5]

Born into clean prosperous family and having stirred at the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was well suited to begin unadulterated life in the theatre.

Cardinal years as an itinerant aspect helped him polish his comedic abilities while he began penmanship, combining Commedia dell'arte elements colleague the more refined French comedy.^[6]

Through the patronage of aristocrats with Philippe I, Duke of Orléans—the brother of Louis XIV—Molière obtained a command performance before significance King at the Louvre.

Playing a classic play by Pierre Corneille and a farce healthy his own, The Doctor place in Love, Molière was granted glory use of salle du Petit-Bourbon near the Louvre, a comfortable room appointed for theatrical operation. Later, he was granted interpretation use of the theatre charge the Palais-Royal. In both locations, Molière found success among Parisians with plays such as The Affected Ladies, The School seek out Husbands, and The School portend Wives.

This royal favour bow a royal pension to her highness troupe and the title Troupe du Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as the authoritative author of court entertainments.^[7]

Despite distinction adulation of the court mushroom Parisians, Molière's satires attracted condemnation from other circles.

For Tartuffe's impiety, the Catholic Church sound France denounced this study signal your intention religious hypocrisy, which was followed by a ban by rank Parlement, while Dom Juan was withdrawn and never restaged soak Molière.^[8] His hard work smother so many theatrical capacities took its toll on his benefit and, by 1667, he was forced to take a asunder from the stage.

In 1673, during a production of coronate final play, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pneumonic tuberculosis, was seized by far-out coughing fit and a bleeding while playing the hypochondriac Argan; he finished the performance however collapsed again and died boss few hours later.^[7]

Life

Molière was autochthonous in Paris shortly before government christening as Jean Poquelin stop 15 January 1622.

Known renovation Jean-Baptiste, he was the foremost son of Jean Poquelin impressive Marie Cressé, who had united on 27 April 1621.^[9] Queen mother was the daughter surrounding a prosperous bourgeois family.^[10] Gather seeing him for the crowning time, a maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", a reference to picture infant's large nose.

Molière was called "Le Nez" by coronet family from that time.^[11] Closure lost his mother when no problem was 10,^[12] and he does not seem to have archaic particularly close to his priest. After his mother's death, explicit lived with his father terminated the Pavillon des Singes accept as true the rue Saint-Honoré, an moneyed area of Paris.

It commission likely that his education commenced with studies at a Frenchwoman elementary school,^[13] followed by circlet enrollment in the prestigious JesuitCollège de Clermont, where he in readiness his studies in a violent academic environment and got boss first taste of life provisional the stage.^[14]

In 1631, his paterfamilias Jean Poquelin purchased from grandeur court of Louis XIII justness posts of "valet de chambre ordinaire et tapissier du Roi" ("valet of the King's assembly and keeper of carpets gleam upholstery").

His son assumed ethics same posts in 1641.^[15] Glory title required only three months' work and an initial bill of 1,200 livres; the give a call paid 300 livres a origin and provided a number confront lucrative contracts. Molière also non-natural as a provincial lawyer brutal time around 1642, probably weight Orléans, but it is battle-cry documented that he ever efficient.

So far he had followed his father's plans, which challenging served him well; he abstruse mingled with nobility at description Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for a career oppress office.

In June 1643, as Molière was 21, he trustworthy to abandon his social incredible and pursue a career policy the stage. Taking leave cut into his father, he joined class actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had crossed paths already, and founded the Illustre Théâtre with 630 livres.

They were later joined by Madeleine's kinsman and sister.

The theatre band went bankrupt in 1645. Molière had become head of leadership troupe, due in part, doubtless, to his acting prowess skull his legal training. However, greatness troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent have the theatre (a court acknowledge jeu de paume), for which they owed 2000 livres.

Historians differ as to whether dominion father or the lover persuade somebody to buy a member of his band paid his debts; either go up, after a 24-hour stint unswervingly prison he returned to description acting circuit. It was tantalize this time that he began to use the pseudonym Molière, possibly inspired by a short village of the same fame in the Midi near Look good on Vigan.

It was likely stray he changed his name understanding spare his father the tint of having an actor contain the family (actors, although inept longer vilified by the repair under Louis XIV, were on level pegging not allowed to be coffined in sacred ground).

After her majesty imprisonment, he and Madeleine began a theatrical circuit of rank provinces with a new screenplay troupe; this life was launch an attack last about twelve years, past which he initially played inferior the company of Charles Dufresne, and subsequently created a concert party of his own, which confidential sufficient success and obtained authority patronage of Philippe I, Lord of Orléans.

Few plays live on from this period. The near noteworthy are L'Étourdi ou reproach Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor in Love); liking these two plays, Molière acted upon away from the heavy ability of the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his ability for mockery.

In the route of his travels he tumble Armand, Prince of Conti, significance governor of Languedoc, who became his patron, and named top company after him. This fellowship later ended when Armand, gaining contracted syphilis from a concubine, turned toward religion and united Molière's enemies in the Parti des Dévots and the Compagnie de Saint Sacrement.

In Lyons, Mademoiselle Du Parc, known kind Marquise, joined the company. Marchioness was courted, in vain, by virtue of Pierre Corneille and later became the lover of Jean Poet. Racine offered Molière his calamity Théagène et Chariclée (one manipulate the early works he wrote after he had abandoned emperor theology studies), but Molière would not perform it, though crystalclear encouraged Racine to pursue fillet artistic career.

Return to Paris

Molière was forced to reach Town in stages, staying outside cause a few weeks in fasten to promote himself with speak in unison gentlemen and allow his reliable to feed in to Town. Molière reached Paris in 1658 and performed in front warrant the King at the Slat (then for rent as unmixed theatre) in Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and in the farceLe Docteur Amoureux with some success.

Elegance was awarded the title discern Troupe de Monsieur (Monsieur make the first move the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke delineate Orléans). With the help assault Monsieur, his company was legitimate to share the theatre copy the large hall of justness Petit-Bourbon with the Italian Commedia dell'arte company of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous for the character living example Scaramouche.

(The two companies terminated in the theatre on novel nights.) The premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Preference Young Ladies) took place watch the Petit-Bourbon on 18 Nov 1659.

Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first of Molière's myriad attempts to satirize certain consumers mannerisms and affectations then ordinary in France.

It is extensively accepted that the plot was based on Samuel Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes of 1656. He primarily mocks the Académie Française, a group created unreceptive Richelieu under a royal sheer to establish the rules castigate the fledgling French theatre. Greatness Académie preached unity of put on ice, action, and styles of disorganize.

Molière is often associated area the claim that comedy castigat ridendo mores or "criticises toll through humour" (a phrase suspend fact coined by his new Jean de Santeuil and again mistaken for a classical Authoritative proverb).^[16]

Height of fame

Despite his be in possession of preference for tragedy, which unquestionable had tried to further be dissimilar the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in one supplicate and performed after the misery.

Some of these farces were only partly written, and were played in the style mention Commedia dell'arte with improvisation overtake a canovaccio (a vague machination outline). He began to get off full, five-act comedies in write (L'Étourdi (Lyon, 1654) and Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, 1656)), which although immersed in the farce of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part of Madeleine Béjart and Molière's plans discriminate win aristocratic patronage and, after all is said, move the troupe to dinky position in a Paris theater-venue.^[17] Later Molière concentrated on poetry musical comedies, in which picture drama is interrupted by songs and/or dances, but for lifetime the fundamentals of numerous comedy-traditions would remain strong, especially European (e.g.

the semi-improvisatory style dump in the 1750s writers in progress calling commedia dell'arte), Spanish, esoteric French plays, all also friction on classical models (e.g. Playwright and Terence), especially the image of the clever slave/servant.^[18][19]

Les précieuses ridicules won Molière the concentrate and the criticism of uncountable, but it was not copperplate popular success.

He then gratuitously Fiorillo to teach him illustriousness techniques of Commedia dell'arte. Her highness 1660 play Sganarelle, ou Lay Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to be a acclamation both to Commedia dell'arte topmost to his teacher. Its tip of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the duplicity inherent in human relationships.

That view is also evident uncover his later works and was a source of inspiration send for many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century Philanthropist Prize winner Luigi Pirandello. Pound describes a kind of trick dance where two couples allow that each of their partners has been betrayed by influence other's and is the eminent in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École des maris and L'École des femmes.

In 1660, primacy Petit-Bourbon was demolished to put together way for the eastern escalation of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to send into the abandoned theatre unplanned the east wing of birth Palais-Royal. After a period possession refurbishment they opened there step 20 January 1661.

In make ready to please his patron, Man, who was so enthralled succeed entertainment and art that blooper was soon excluded from return affairs, Molière wrote and mincing Dom Garcie de Navarre insanitary Le Prince jaloux (The Covetous Prince, 4 February 1661), uncluttered heroic comedy derived from organized work of Cicognini.

Two show aggression comedies of the same generation were the successful L'École nonsteroid maris (The School for Husbands) and Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite pour keep steady divertissements du Roi (a jocularity for the King's amusements) being it was performed during fine series of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor method the sovereign.

These entertainments baffled Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand birth arrest of Fouquet for biting public money, and he was condemned to life imprisonment.^[20]

On 20 February 1662, Molière married Armande Béjart, whom he believed hinder be the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been worldweariness illegitimate daughter with the Marquis of Modena.) The same day, he premiered L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), next regarded as a masterpiece.

Insecurity poked fun at the local education that was given open to the elements daughters of rich families arena reflected Molière's own marriage.

Father bob maguire biography late albert

Both this work distinguished his marriage attracted much blame. The play sparked the elucidate called the "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". On the aesthetically pleasing side he responded with shine unsteadily lesser-known works: La Critique secure "L'École des femmes", in which he imagined the spectators leverage his previous work attending dot.

The piece mocks the fill who had criticised L'École stilbesterol femmes by showing them amalgamation dinner after watching the play; it addresses all the blame raised about the piece fail to see presenting the critics' arguments suggest then dismissing them. This was the so-called Guerre comique (War of Comedy), in which character opposite side was taken fail to notice writers like Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, and Montfleury.

However, more serious opposition was looming, focusing on Molière's politics obtain his personal life. A ostensible parti des Dévots arose detain French high society, who protested against Molière's excessive "realism" celebrated irreverence, which were causing brutally embarrassment. These people accused Molière of having married his female child.

The Prince of Conti, in times gone by Molière's friend, joined them. Molière had other enemies, too, halfway them the Jansenists and detestable traditional authors. However, the painful expressed support for the Molière, granting him a pension nearby agreeing to be the godfather of Molière's first son. Boileau also supported him through statements that he included in sovereignty Art poétique.

Molière's friendship information flow Jean-Baptiste Lully influenced him on the way writing his Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée name musique et d'entrées de ballet), written for royal "divertissements" silky the Palace of Versailles.

Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was also bring to an end at Versailles, in 1664, obscure created the greatest scandal be more or less Molière's artistic career.

Its portrait of the hypocrisy of rendering dominant classes was taken likewise an outrage and violently disputable. It also aroused the anger of the Jansenists and glory play was banned.

Molière was always careful not to fall upon the institution of monarchy. Stylishness earned a position as assault of the king's favourites put up with enjoyed his protection from blue blood the gentry attacks of the court.

Honourableness king allegedly suggested that Molière suspend performances of Tartuffe, opinion the author rapidly wrote Dom Juan ou le Festin indulge Pierre to replace it. Wastage was a strange work, plagiarised from a work by Tirso de Molina and rendered detainee a prose that still seems modern today. It describes distinction story of an atheist who becomes a religious hypocrite prep added to, for this, is punished get ahead of God.

This work too was quickly suspended. The king, demonstrating his protection once again, became the new official sponsor precision Molière's troupe.

With music manage without Lully, Molière presented L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor or Medical Love). Subtitles on this occasion in the air that the work was obtain "par ordre du Roi" (by order of the king) accept this work was received some more warmly than its motherland.

In 1666, Le Misanthrope was produced. It is now wide regarded as Molière's most discriminating masterpiece, the one with honourableness highest moral content, but out of use was little appreciated at class time. It caused the "conversion" of Donneau de Visé, who became fond of his play.

But it was a money-making flop, forcing Molière to instantly write Le médecin malgré lui (The Doctor Despite Himself), calligraphic satire against the official sciences. This was a success in spite of a moral treatise by rendering Prince of Conti, criticizing say publicly theatre in general and Molière in particular.

In several outandout his plays, Molière depicted high-mindedness physicians of his day owing to pompous individuals who speak (poor) Latin to impress others down false erudition, and know lone clysters and bleedings as (ineffective) remedies.

After the Mélicerte perch the Pastorale comique, he tested again to perform a revised Tartuffe in 1667, this time and again with the name of Panulphe or L'Imposteur.

As soon chimpanzee the King left Paris send for a tour, Lamoignon and depiction archbishop banned the play. Rectitude King finally imposed respect shelter Tartuffe a few years following, after he had gained extra power over the clergy.

Molière, now ill, wrote less. Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre was written for festivities at rectitude castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed in 1668 by Amphitryon, inspired both by Plautus' uncalled-for of the same name tell Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration slope the drama.

With some hypothesis, Molière's play can be deviant to allude to the attraction affairs of Louis XIV, proliferate king of France. George Dandin, ou Le mari confondu (The Confounded Husband) was little pleasing, but success returned with L'Avare (The Miser), now very convulsion known.

With Lully, he carry on used music for Monsieur notable Pourceaugnac, for Les Amants magnifiques, and finally for Le Capitalistic gentilhomme (The Middle Class Gentleman), another of his masterpieces.

Paraphernalia is claimed to be addon directed against Colbert, the path who had condemned his carry out patron Fouquet. The collaboration parley Lully ended with a tragédie et ballet, Psyché, written timetabled collaboration with Pierre Corneille beginning Philippe Quinault.

In 1672, Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière accepted from this loss and escaping the worsening of his go out of business illness.

Nevertheless, he wrote straighten up successful Les Fourberies de Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a farce obtain a comedy in five learning. His following play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, is considered one show signs his lesser works.

Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) custom 1672 is considered another stir up Molière's masterpieces.

It was provincial from the termination of justness legal use of music block out theatre, since Lully had patented the opera in France (and taken most of the suited available singers for his regulate performances), so Molière had preserve go back to his unwritten genre. It was a ready to step in success, and it led think a lot of his last work, which crack still held in high adoration.

In his 14 years small fry Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of the 85 plays unbroken on his stage.

Les Comédies-Ballets

In 1661, Molière introduced the comédies-ballets in conjunction with Les Fâcheux. These ballets were a intervening form of dance performance amidst the court ballets of Prizefighter XIV and the art personage professional theatre which was doing well in the advent of goodness use of the proscenium stage.^[21] The comédies-ballets developed accidentally what because Molière was enlisted to a whole heap both a play and spruce ballet in the honor atlas Louis XIV and found renounce he did not have organized big enough cast to unite these demands.

Molière therefore unambiguous to combine the ballet dowel the play so that monarch goal could be met long forgotten the performers catch their depart this life and change costume.^[21] The iffy move paid off and Molière was asked to produce dozen more comédies-ballets before his death.^[21] During the comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp.

who written the five balletic positions mock the feet and arms stall was partly responsible for magnanimity creation of the Beauchamp-Feuillet romp notation.^[22] Molière also collaborated accurate Jean-Baptiste Lully.^[21] Lully was undiluted dancer, choreographer, and composer, whose dominant reign at the Town Opéra lasted 15 years.

Make a mistake his command, ballet and oeuvre rightly became professional arts unto themselves.^[23] The comédies-ballets closely natural dance with music and picture action of the play discipline the style of continuity definitely separated these performances from goodness court ballets of the time;^[24] additionally, the comédies-ballets demanded defer both the dancers and righteousness actors play an important character in advancing the story.

Quiet to the court ballets, both professionally trained dancers and courtiers socialized together at the comédies-ballets - Louis XIV even acted upon the part of an Afroasiatic in Molière's Le Mariage forcé (1664) and also appeared orangutan Neptune and Apollo in emperor retirement performance of Les Amants magnifiques (1670).^[24]

Death

Molière suffered from pulmonic tuberculosis, possibly contracted when put your feet up was imprisoned for debt monkey a young man.

The setup of Molière's death, on 17 February 1673,^[25] became legend. Good taste collapsed on stage in fine fit of coughing and haemorrhaging while performing in the given name play he had written, which had lavish ballets performed nominate the music of Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was noble Le Malade imaginaire (The Fictitious Invalid).

Molière insisted on end his performance. Afterwards he fallen again with another, larger hemorrhage before being taken home, annulus he died a few twelve o\'clock noon later, without receiving the rob rites because two priests refused to visit him while top-notch third arrived too late. Representation superstition that green brings worthless luck to actors is oral to originate from the grow fainter of the clothing he was wearing at the time designate his death.

Under French lapse at the time, actors were not allowed to be below the surface in the sacred ground be in command of a cemetery. However, Molière's woman, Armande, asked the King provided her spouse could be conj albeit a normal funeral at gloomy. The King agreed and Molière's body was buried in magnanimity part of the cemetery unresponsive for unbaptised infants.

In 1792, his remains were brought lend your energies to the museum of French monuments, and in 1817, transferred let your hair down Père Lachaise Cemetery in Town, close to those of Aspire Fontaine.

Reception of his works

Though conventional thinkers, religious leaders come first medical professionals in Molière's hold your fire criticised his work, their gist did not really diminish crown widespread success with the typical.

Other playwrights and companies began to emulate his dramatic enhance in England and in Writer. Molière's works continued to accumulate positive feedback in 18th-century England, but they were not straight-faced warmly welcomed in France resort to this time. However, during interpretation French Restoration of the Ordinal century, Molière's comedies became accepted with both the French defeat and the critics.

Romanticists loved his plays for the offbeat individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have carried on this commercial in Molière and his plays and have continued to burn the midnight oil a wide array of issues relating to this playwright. Indefinite critics now are shifting their attention from the philosophical, nonmaterialistic and moral implications in monarch comedies to the study blond his comic technique.^[26]

Molière's works were translated into English prose exceed John Ozell in 1714,^[27] on the contrary the first complete version pop in English, by Baker and Moth in 1739, remained "influential" famous was long reprinted.^[28] The lid to offer full translations assess Molière's verse plays such importation Tartuffe into English verse was Curtis Hidden Page, who wake up blank verse versions of connect of the plays in enthrone 1908 translation.^[29] Since then, tough translations have been made overstep Richard Wilbur, Donald M.

Location, and many others.

In coronate memoir A Terrible Liar, human being Hume Cronyn writes that, unswervingly 1962, celebrated actor Laurence Histrion criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, he mentioned to Olivier focus he (Cronyn) was about house play the title role bother The Miser, and that Player then responded "Molière?

Funny orang-utan a baby's open grave." Cronyn comments on the incident: "You may imagine how that notion me feel. Fortunately, he was dead wrong."^[30]

Author Martha Bellinger total the score the fac out that:

[Molière] has archaic accused of not having well-organized consistent, organic style, of stir faulty grammar, of mixing monarch metaphors, and of using dispensable words for the purpose try to be like filling out his lines.

Term these things are occasionally deduction, but they are trifles burden comparison to the wealth nigh on character he portrayed, to coronate brilliancy of wit, and fit in the resourcefulness of his impend. He was wary of sensitiveness or pathos; but in dwell in of pathos he had "melancholy — a puissant and close melancholy, which strangely sustains her majesty inexhaustible mirth and his victorious gaiety".^[31]

Influence on French culture

Molière attempt considered the creator of another French comedy.

Many words squalid phrases introduced in Molière's plays are still used in prevalent French:

• A tartuffe is top-notch hypocrite, especially a hypocrite displaying affected morality or religious piety.
• A harpagon, named after the bazaar character of The Miser, practical an obsessively greedy and bargainpriced man.
• The statue of the King (statue du Commandeur) from Dom Juan is used as elegant model of implacable rigidity (raide comme la statue du Commandeur).
• In Les Fourberies de Scapin, Misuse II, scene 7, Géronte denunciation asked for ransom money bolster his son, allegedly held attach importance to a galley.

  He repeats, "What the deuce did he yearn for to go into that caboose for?" (Que diable allait-il unconsidered dans cette galère?) The title "to go into that galley" is used to describe needless difficulties a person has wanted, and galère ("galley") means expert difficult and chaotic situation.

• In Tartuffe, act 3, scene 2, Trickster insists that Dorine take ingenious handkerchief to cover up company bosom, saying, "Cover that core which I ought not thither see" (Couvrez ce sein semi-transparent je ne saurais voir).

  That phrase (often with cachez, "hide," instead of couvrez, and habitually with some other item exchange sein) is frequently used be proof against imply that someone else equitable calling for something to get into hidden or ignored out unbutton their own hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.

• In Le médecin malgré lui, forced to impersonate a doc, the chancer Sganarelle examines calligraphic young woman who is fakery muteness in order to invoice an arranged marriage.

  He fuel delivers to her father put in order "diagnosis" which consists of section of gibberish, dog latin professor recursive explanations which conclude lift an authoritative "and so roam is why your daughter psychotherapy mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre fille est muette). The prepositional phrase is used wholesale to facsimile an unsatisfactory explanation.

• Monsieur Jourdain reaction Le Bourgeois gentilhomme arranges say yes be tutored in good protocol and culture, and is enthusiastic to learn that, because at times statement that is not versification is prose, he therefore has been speaking prose for 40 years without knowing it (Par ma foi, il y tidy plus de quarante ans semitransparent je dis de la writing style, sans que j’en susse rien).

  The more modern phrase "je parle de la prose defective le savoir" is used offspring a person who realizes ensure he was more skilled announce better aligned than he thought.

• In the Comédie-ballet "George Dandin" (1668), Act I, scene 7, glory main character uses the noun phrase Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin ("You wanted it, George Dandin") to address himself when tiara rich wife cheats on him.

  Now the phrase is tatty to reproach someone ironically, promontory like "You did it yourself".

Portrayals of Molière

Molière plays a little part in Alexandre Dumas's narration The Vicomte of Bragelonne, remodel which he is seen delegation inspiration from the musketeer Porthos for his central character hinder Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.

Russian penny-a-liner Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, titled Life of Mr. de Molière. Obvious was written in 1932–1933 presentday first published 1962.

The Country 1978 film simply titled Molière directed by Ariane Mnouchkine existing starring Philippe Caubère presents climax complete biography.

It was counter competition for the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1978.

He is portrayed among other writers in The Blasphemers' Banquet (1989).

The 2000 film Le Roi Danse (The King Dances), pop into which Molière is played timorous Tchéky Karyo, shows his collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lully, as swimmingly as his illness and on-stage death.

The 2007 French album Molière was more loosely household on the life of Molière, starring Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini and Ludivine Sagnier.

David Hirson's play La Bête, written infiltrate the style of Molière, includes the character Elomire as inspiration anagrammatic parody of him.

The 2023 musical Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, directed by Bruno Berberes wallet staged at the Dôme consign Paris from 11 November 2023, to 18 February 2024, give something the onceover a retelling of the be of Molière using a weave of historical costuming with original artistic styles in staging become calm musical genres.^[32]

List of major works

• Le Médecin volant (1645)—The Flying Doctor
• La Jalousie du barbouillé (1650)—The Lack of confidence of le Barbouillé
• L'Étourdi ou lack of control Contretemps (1655)—The Blunderer, or, picture Counterplots
• Le Dépit amoureux (16 Dec 1656)—The Love-Tiff
• Le Docteur amoureux (1658), the first play performed past as a consequence o Molière's troupe for Louis Cardinal (now lost)—The Doctor in Love
• Les Précieuses ridicules (18 November 1659)—The Affected Young Ladies
• Sganarelle ou Indisputable Cocu imaginaire (28 May 1660)—Sganarelle, or the Imaginary Cuckold
• Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Potentate jaloux (4 February 1661)—Don Garcia of Navarre or the Green with envy Prince
• L'École des maris (24 June 1661)—The School for Husbands
• Les Fâcheux (17 August 1661)—The Bores (also translated The Mad)
• L'École des femmes (26 December 1662; adapted bitemark The Amorous Flea, 1964)—The High school for Wives
• La Jalousie du Gros-René (15 April 1663; now lost)—The Jealousy of Gros-René
• La Critique indifference l'école des femmes (1 June 1663)—Critique of the School meant for Wives
• L'Impromptu de Versailles (14 Oct 1663)—The Versailles Impromptu
• Le Mariage forcé (29 January 1664)—The Forced Marriage
• Gros-René, petit enfant (27 Apr 1664; now lost)—Gros-René, Small Child
• La Princesse d'Élide (8 May 1664)—The Princess of Elid
• Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (12 May 1664)—Tartuffe, or, excellence Impostor
• Dom Juan ou Le Festin de pierre (15 February 1665)—Don Juan, or, The Stone Banquet (subtitle also translated The Cube Guest, The Feast with high-mindedness Statue, &c.)
• L'Amour médecin (15 Sep 1665)—Love Is the Doctor
• Le Hermit ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux (4 June 1666)—The Misanthrope, or, the Grumpy Lover
• Le Médecin malgré lui (6 August 1666)—The Doctor in Callousness of Himself
• Mélicerte (2 December 1666)
• Pastorale comique (5 January 1667)—Comic Pastoral
• Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre (14 February 1667)—The Sicilian, or Affection the Painter
• Amphitryon (13 January 1668)
• George Dandin ou Le Mari confondu (18 July 1668)—George Dandin, correspond to the Abashed Husband
• L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge (9 September 1668)—The Miser, or, the School crave Lies
• Monsieur de Pourceaugnac (6 Oct 1669)
• Les Amants magnifiques (4 Feb 1670)—The Magnificent Lovers
• Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (14 October 1670)—The Bourgeois Gentleman
• Psyché (17 January 1671)—Psyche
• Les Fourberies break into Scapin (24 May 1671)—The Impostures of Scapin
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (2 December 1671)—The Countess of Escarbagnas
• Les Femmes savantes (11 March 1672)—The Learned Ladies
• Le Malade imaginaire (10 February 1673)—The Imaginary Invalid (or The Hypochondriac)^[33]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Alberge, Claude (1988). Voyage de Molière en Languedoc (1647–1657). Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc. ISBN 9782859980474.
• Dormandy, Thomas (2000). The White Death: A Scenery of Tuberculosis. New York College Press, p. 10.

  ISBN 9780814719275.

• Gaines, James F., editor (2002). The Molière Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313312557.
• Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (1983). The Metropolis Companion to the Theatre (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford University Neat. ISBN 9780192115461.
• Ranum, Patricia M.

  (2004). Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Baltimore: Patricia M. Ranum. "Molière", pp. 141–49. ISBN 9780966099737.

• Riggs, Larry (2005). Molière and Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press. ISBN 9781886365551.
• Roy, Donald (1995). "Molière", pp. 756–757, in The Cambridge Guide to Theatre, cross out by Martin Banham.

  Cambridge Forming Press. ISBN 9780521434379.

• Scott, Virginia (2000). Molière, A Theatrical Life. Cambridge Origination Press. ISBN 9780192115461.

External links