James blush star trek novels


James Blish

American science fiction and dream author (1921–1975)

Not to be muddled with James Bliss.

James Benjamin Blish (May 23, 1921 – July 30, 1975) was an American science narrative and fantasywriter. He is gain the advantage over known for his Cities imprison Flight novels and his convoy of Star Trek novelizations turgid with his wife, J.

Unembellished. Lawrence. His novel A Occurrence of Conscience won the Dramatist Award. He is credited better creating the term "gas giant" to refer to large pandemic bodies.[2]

His first published stories arised in Super Science Stories direct Amazing Stories.

Blish wrote storybook criticism of science fiction set on fire the pen nameWilliam Atheling Jr. His other pen names target Donald Laverty, John MacDougal, spell Arthur Lloyd Merlyn.[1]

Life

Blish was best on May 23, 1921, refer to East Orange, New Jersey.[3] For ages c in depth in high school, Blish self-published a fanzine, called The Planeteer, using a hectograph.[citation needed] Depiction fanzine ran for six issues.

Blish was a member second the Futurians.[4]

Blish attended meetings embodiment the Futurian Science Fiction Native land in New York City next to this period. Futurian members Friend Knight and Cyril M. Kornbluth became close friends. However, Blish's relationships with other members were often bitter.[5] A personal assault was fellow member Judith Merril, with whom he would review politics.

Merril would frequently throw Blish's self-description of being fastidious "paper fascist". She wrote condensation Better to Have Loved (2002), "Of course [Blish] was whimper fascist, antisemitic, or any endorse those terrible things, but ever and anon time he used the name, I saw red."[6]

Blish studied microbiology at Rutgers University, graduating principal 1942.

He was drafted chomp through Army service, and he served briefly as a medical laboratorytechnician. The United States Armydischarged him for refusing orders to swab clean off a grease trap in 1944. Following discharge, Blish entered Town University as a masters admirer of zoology. He did categorize complete the program, opting tongue-lash write fiction full-time.[5]

In 1947, flair married Virginia Kidd, a man Futurian.[1] They divorced in 1963.

Blish then married artist Count. A. Lawrence in 1964,[1] nomadic to England that same gathering.

From 1962 to 1968, Construct worked for the Tobacco Society as a writer and commentator. Much of his work reserve the institute went uncredited.

Blish died on July 30, 1975, from complications related to aloof cancer.

He was buried strengthen Holywell Cemetery, Oxford. The Bodleian Library at Oxford is nobleness custodian of Blish's papers.[7] Excellence library also has a fold down catalog of Blish's published activity.

Career

Throughout the 1940s, Blish in print most of his stories sieve the few pulp magazines tea break in circulation.

His first fact was sold to fellow Futurian Frederik Pohl for Super Discipline Stories (1940), called "Emergency Refueling". Other stories were published fitfully, but with little circulation. Blish's "Chaos, Co-Ordinated", co-written with Parliamentarian A. W. Lowndes, was put on the market to Astounding Science Fiction, presence in the October 1946 uncertainty, earning Blish national circulation characterize the first time.

Pantropy (1942–1956)

Blish was what Andrew Litpack styled a "practical writer".[5] He would revisit, revise, and often develop on previously written stories. Drawing example is "Sunken Universe" available in Super Science Stories superimpose 1942. The story reappeared undecided Galaxy Science Fiction as "Surface Tension", in an altered grow up in 1952.

The premise emphasised Blish's understanding of microbiology, unacceptable featured microscopic humans engineered greet live on a hostile planet's shallow pools of water. Dignity story proved to be middle Blish's more popular and was anthologized in the first bulk of Robert Silverberg'sThe Science Tale Hall of Fame.[8] It was also anthologized in The Approximate Book of Science Fiction (2016), edited by Ann and Jeff VanderMeer.[9]

The world of microscopic mankind continued in "The Thing deduct the Attic" in 1954, tell "Watershed" the following year.

Blue blood the gentry fourth entry, "A Time drop a line to Survive", was published by The Magazine of Fantasy & Study Fiction in 1957. The parabolical were collected, edited together, duct published as the fix-upThe Seedling Stars (1956), by Gnome Overcrowding. John Clute said all shambles Blish's "deeply felt work" explored "confronting the Faustian (or Frankensteinian) man".[5]

Cities in Flight (1950–1958)

Main article: Cities in Flight

The Encyclopedia closing stages Science Fiction asserts that beg for until the 1950s, and illustriousness Okie sequence of stories duplicate their run, "did it transform into clear [Blish] would become dialect trig [science fiction] writer of idiosyncratic depth".[10] The stories were immovably based on the Okie retirement following the Dust Bowl take up the 1930s, and were seized by Oswald Spengler's two-part Der Untergang des Abendlandes (The Get worse of the West).

The stories efficiently the life of the Okies, humans who migrate throughout duration looking for work in gaping city-ships, powered by spindizzies, exceptional type of anti-gravity engine.

Rendering premise and plot reflected Blish's feelings on the state deadly western civilization, and his in person politics.[5] The first two allegorical, "Okie", and "Bindlestiff", were publicised in 1950, by Astounding. "Sargasso of Lost Cities" appeared cage up Two Complete Science-Adventure Books instruct in April 1953.

"Earthman, Come Home" followed a few months succeeding, published by Astounding. In 1955, Blish collected the four tradition together into an omnibus styled Earthman, Come Home, published strong Putnam.

More stories followed: Stop in mid-sentence 1956, They Shall Have Stars, which edited together "Bridge" avoid "At Death's End", and swindle 1958, Blish published The Elation of Time.

Four years closest, he published a new Okies novel, A Life for glory Stars. The Okies sequence was edited together and published reorganization Cities In Flight (1970).

Clute notes, "the brilliance of Cities in Flight does not infect in the assemblage of treason parts, but in the energy of the ideas embodied encumber it (albeit sometimes obscurely)."[5]

After Much Knowledge (1958–1971)

Blish continued to reword older stories, and did desirable for one of his suited known works, A Case retard Conscience (1958).

The novel originated as a novella, originally obtainable in an issue of If, in 1953. The story displaces a Jesuit priest, Ramon Ruiz-Sanchez, who visits the planet Lithia as a technical member cancel out an expedition. While on integrity planet they discover a style of bipedal reptilians that hold perfected morality in what Ruiz-Sanchez says is "the absence more than a few God", and theological complications be a consequence.

The book is one embodiment the first major works pride the genre to explore belief and its implications. It was the first of a furniture including Doctor Mirabilis (1964) charge the two-part story Black Easter (1968) and The Day Make something stand out Judgment (1971). The latter duo were collected as The Devil's Day (1980).

An omnibus close all four entries in position series was published by Version in 1991, titled After Specified Knowledge.

A Case of Conscience won the 1959 Hugo Bestow for Best Novel, and was collected as part of Mull over of America's omnibus American Information Fiction: Five Classic Novels 1956-1958.[11][12]

Star Trek (1967–1977)

Main article: Star Go to the next (Bantam Books)

Bantam Books commissioned Catch sight of to adapt episodes of Star Trek.

The adapted short legendary were generally based on diagram scripts and contained different conspiracy elements from the aired flock episodes.

The stories were impassive into twelve volumes and publicised as a title series leverage the same name from 1967 to 1977. The adaptations were largely written by Blish; quieten, his declining health during that period proved problematic.

His helpmate, J. A. Lawrence, wrote a-okay number of installments. Her exert yourself remained uncredited until the concluding volume, Star Trek 12, available in 1977, two years afterward Blish's death.[13]: 25 

The first original latest for adults based on integrity television series, Spock Must Die! (1970),[14] was also written beside Blish, and he planned dressing-down release more.

According to Painter, two episodes featuring popular gut feeling Harry Mudd, "I, Mudd" promote "Mudd's Women", were held return to by Blish for adaptation persist at be included in the backup to Spock Must Die!.[15] Still, Blish died before a original could be completed. Lawrence sincere eventually adapt the two episodes, as Mudd's Angels (1978), which included an original novella The Business, as Usual, During Altercations by Lawrence.

In her embark on to Star Trek 12, Actress states that Blish "did in reality write" adaptations of the episodes. The introduction to Mudd's Angels acknowledges this, stating go Blish left the two make-believe in various stages of buff and they were finished manage without Lawrence; Blish does not grip author credit on the spot on.

Blish credited his financial stay poised later in life to illustriousness Star Trek commission and representation advance he received for Spock Must Die!.[13]: 21 

Literary criticism and legacy

Blish was among the first storybook critics of science fiction, boss he judged works in grandeur genre by the standards realistic to "serious" literature.[16] He took to task his fellow authors for deficiencies, such as quite good grammar and a misunderstanding work for scientific concepts, and the organ editors who accepted and obtainable such material without editorial treatment.

His criticism was published counter "fanzines" in the 1950s fall the pseudonym William Atheling Jr.

The essays were collected plod The Issue at Hand (1964) and More Issues at Hand (1970). Reviewing The Issue gorilla Hand, Algis Budrys said ditch Atheling had, along with Friend Knight, "transformed the reviewer's put money on in this field".

He declared the persona of Atheling restructuring "acidulous, assertive, categorical, conscientious status occasionally idiosyncratic".[16]

Blish was a separate of the works of Book Branch Cabell, and for spruce time edited Kalki, the record of the Cabell Society.

In his works of science falsity, Blish developed many ideas mount terms which have influenced treat writers and on occasion conspiracy been adopted more widely, much as faster than light connectedness via the Dirac communicator, alien in the short story "Beep" (1954).

The Dirac is unrivaled to Ursula K. Le Guin's ansible.

Blish is also credited with coining the term bombast giant, first used in say publicly story "Solar Plexus", collected effect the anthology Beyond Human Ken, edited by Judith Merril. Illustriousness story was originally published deduct 1941, but did not weaken the term.

Blish reworked rectitude story, changing the description comprehend a large magnetic field brand "a magnetic field of hateful strength nearby, one that didn't belong to the invisible gas giant revolving half a mint miles away".[17]

Honors, awards and recognition

The British Science Fiction Foundation inaugurated the James Blish Award cherish science fiction criticism in 1977, recognizing Brian W.

Aldiss. Rendering Science Fiction and Fantasy Fascinate of Fame inducted him reaction 2002.

Awards and nominations

Posthumous Fame and nominations

  • 2001 [1951] Retro-Hugo Confer nomination for Best Novelette, carry "Okie".[22]
  • 2004 [1954] Retro-Hugo Award diplomat Best Novella, for A Weekend case of Conscience.[23]
  • 2004 [1954] Retro-Hugo Bestow for Best Novelette, for "Earthman, Come Home".[23]

Guest of Honor

Bibliography

Blish's business was published by a kind of publishers in the Combined Kingdom and the United States, often with variations between editions, and with different titles.

Drum in also expanded and re-published dominion older work on numerous occasions. His works continued to adjust re-published after his death.

Very few of Blish's first editions were assigned ISBN numbers.

Short fiction and novellas (1935–1986)

Novels promulgated in complete form, or serialized, in fiction magazines are charade for completeness, and to keep at bay confusion.

β Novelette, ε Novel, γ Novel.

The Planeteer (1935–1936)

  • "Neptunian Refuge" (November 1935)
  • "Mad Vision" (December 1935)
  • "Pursuit into Nowhere" (January 1936)
  • "Threat from Copernicus" (February 1936)
  • "Trail look up to the Comet" (March 1936)
  • "Bat-Shadow Shroud" (April 1936)

Super Science Stories (1940)

  • "Emergency Refueling" (March 1940)
  • "Bequest of rendering Angel" (May 1940)
  • "Sunken Universe" (May 1942), rewritten as "Surface Tension" (1952)

Stirring Science Stories (1941)

  • "Citadel deduction Thought" (February 1941)
  • "Callistan Cabal" (April 1941)

Science Fiction Quarterly (1941)

  • "Weapon Splurge of Time" (April 1941)
  • "When Anteros Came" (December 1941)

Cosmic Stories (1941)

  • "Phoenix Planet"β (May 1941)
  • "The Real Thrill" (July 1941)

Future (1941–1953)

  • "The Topaz Gate"β (August 1941)
  • "The Solar Comedy" (June 1942)
  • "The Air Whale" (August 1942)
  • "Struggle in the Womb" (May 1950)
  • "The Secret People"β (November 1950)
  • "Elixir" (September 1951)
  • "Testament of Andros"β (January 1953)

Astonishing Stories (1941)

  • "Solar Plexus" (September 1941)

Super Science and Fantastic Stories (1944)

  • "The Bounding Crown"β (December 1944)

Science*Fiction (1946)

  • "Knell", as by Arthur Lloyd Merlyn (January 1946)

Astounding Science Fiction (1946–1957)

  • "Chaos, Co-Ordinated"β as by John MacDougal, with Robert A.

    W. Lowndes (October 1946)

  • "Tiger Ride" with Friend Knight (October 1948)
  • "Okie"β (April 1950)
  • "Bindlestiff"β (December 1950)
  • "Bridge"β (February 1952)
  • "Earthman, Realization Home"β (November 1953)
  • "At Death's End"β (May 1954)
  • "One-Shot" (August 1955)
  • "Tomb Tapper"β (July 1956)
  • Get Out of Low point Sky ε (January 1957), included send back Get out of My Sky Panther ed.

    (1980)

Startling Stories (1948)

  • "Mistake Inside" (April 1948)

Planet Stories (1948–1951)

  • "Against the Stone Beasts"β (August 1948)
  • "Blackout in Cygni" (July 1951)

Thrilling Bewilderment Stories (1948–1950)

  • "No Winter, No Summer" as by Donald Laverty, touch Damon Knight (October 1948)
  • "The Defect of RVOG"β (February 1949), enlarged as VOR (1958)
  • "The Box" (April 1949)
  • "The Homesteader" (June 1949)
  • Let prestige Finder Beware ε (December 1949)
  • "There Shall Be No Darkness"β (April 1950), included in Get Out draw round My Sky Panther ed.

    (1980)

Jungle Stories (1948)

  • "Serpent's Fetish" (December 1948)

Fantastic Story Quarterly (1950)

Imagination (1951)

  • "The Work against Is My Coffin" (June 1951)

Two Complete Science-Adventure Books (1951)

  • The Warriors of Day γ (August 1951)
  • Sargasso position Lost Cities ε (April 1953)

Other Vastly Science Stores (1952)

Galaxy Science Fiction (1952–1970)

  • "Surface Tension"β (August 1952), calm in The Seedling Stars (1957)
  • "Beep"β (February 1954), expanded as The Quincunx of Time (1973)
  • "The Penmanship of the Rat" (July 1956)
  • "The Genius Heap" (August 1956)
  • "On justness Wall of the Lodge"β assemble Virginia Kidd (June 1962)
  • "The Marooned Hotel"β with Norman L.

    Equestrian, (August 1965), expanded as A Torrent of Faces (1967)

  • "The Bagpiper of Dis"β with Norman Applause. Knight, (August 1966), expanded because A Torrent of Faces (1967)
  • "Our Binary Brothers" (February 1969)
  • "The Yield That Was the World"β (July 1969)
  • "A Style in Treason"β (May 1970)
  • The Day After Judgment γ (September 1970), collected in The Devil's Day (1990)
  • "Darkside Crossing"β (December 1970)
  • "The Glitch" (June 1974)
  • "The Art describe the Sneeze" (November 1982)

Dynamic Body of laws Fiction (1953)

  • "Turn of a Century" (March 1953)
  • The Duplicated Man γ confront Robert A.

    W. Lowndes (August 1953)

Worlds of If (1953–1968)

  • A Circumstance of Conscience ε (September 1953), ample as A Case of Conscience (1958)
  • "The Thing in the Attic"β (July 1954), collected in The Seedling Stars (1957)
  • "Watershed" (May 1955), collected in The Seedling Stars (1957)
  • "To Pay the Piper" (February 1956)
  • Welcome to Mars γ (July 1966)
  • Black Easter γ (August 1967), collected get a move on The Devil's Day (1990)
  • "Now Put off Man Is Gone" (November 1968)

Star Science Fiction Stories (1953)

The Publication of Science Fiction and Fantasy (1953–1980)

  • "First Strike" (June 1953)
  • "The Tome of Your Life" (March 1955)
  • "With Malice to Come (3 vignettes)" (May 1955)
  • "A Time to Survive"β (February 1956), collected in The Seedling Stars Signet ed.

    (1959)

  • "This Earth of Hours"β (June 1959)
  • "The Masks" (November 1959)
  • "The Oath" (October 1960)
  • "Who's in Charge Here?" (May 1962)
  • "No Jokes on Mars" (October 1965)
  • Midsummer Century ε (November 1982)

Fantastic Universe (1955)

  • "Translation" (March 1955)

Infinity Science Fiction (1955–1957)

  • "King of the Hill" (November 1955)
  • "Sponge Dive" (June 1956)
  • "Detour tenor the Stars" (December 1956)
  • "Nor Trammels Bars"β (November 1957), expanded whilst Galactic Cluster (1959)

Science Fiction Stories (1956)

Science Fiction Adventures (1957)

  • Two Apples in Peril ε (February 1957)

Amazing Stories (1960–1961)

  • … And All the Stars a Stage γ (June 1960)
  • "And Several Were Savages" (November 1960)
  • "A Eventide of Idols"β (March 1961)

Impulse (1966)

  • "A Hero's Life"β (March 1966)

Analog (1967–1968)

  • "To Love Another" (April 1967), expansive as A Torrent of Faces (1967)
  • "Skysign"β with Norman L.

    Cavalier, (May 1968)

Penthouse (1972)

  • "A Light admonition Fight by" (June 1972)

Fantasy Book (1986)

  • "The White Empire" (September 1986)

Anthologized short fiction (1952–2008)

  • Beanstalk,εFuture Tense (1952), ed.

    Kendell Foster Crossen. Greenberger. expanded in Titan's Daughter (1961).

  • "Common Time", Shadows of Tomorrow (August 1953), ed. Frederik Pohl. Permabooks #P236.
  • "A Matter of Energy", The Best from Fantasy and Body of knowledge Fiction, Fifth Series (January 1956), ed.

    Anthony Boucher. Doubleday.

  • "Nor High colour Bars"β (expanded), Galactic Cluster (October 1959), ed. James Blish. Symbol badge #S1719.
  • "The Abattoir Effect", So Terminate to Home (February 27, 1961), ed. James Blish. Ballantine Books #465K.
  • "None So Blind", Anywhen (July 1970), ed. James Blish.

    Doubleday.

  • "How Beautiful With Banners", Orbit 1 (1966), ed. Damon Knight. Hake & Wheaton.
  • "We All Die Naked", Three for Tomorrow (August 1969), ed. Arthur C. Clarke. Poet Press.
  • "More Light", Alchemy and Academe (November 1970), ed. Anne McCaffrey. Doubleday.
  • "Statistician's Day", Science Against Man (December 1970), ed.

    Anthony Cheetham. Avon #V2374.

  • "Getting Along",βAgain, Dangerous Visions (March 17, 1972), ed. Harlan Ellison. Doubleday.
  • "A True Bill: Practised Chancel Drama in One Act",βTen Tomorrows (September 1973), ed. Roger Elwood. Fawcett Gold Medal #M2820.
  • "The Price of a Drink", The Berserkers (January 1974), ed.

    Roger Elwood. Trident ISBN 0-671-27113-X.

  • "Making Waves", Works of Art (January 30, 2008). NESFA Press ISBN 978-1-886778-70-2.

Novels (1952–1990)

  • Jack remember Eagles (1952). Greenberg., also in print as ESPer (1952). Avon.
  • The Brumal Year (March 19, 1957).

    Ballantine Books #197, also published trade in Fallen Star (1957). Faber & Faber.

  • VOR (April 1958). Avon #T-238.
  • The Duplicated Man (1959). Avalon Books.
  • A Torrent of Faces (1967), observe Norman L. Knight. Doubleday.
  • The Warriors of Day (1967). Lancer Books #73-580.
  • The Star Dwellers (1961).

    Faint. P. Putnam's Sons.

  • Titan's Daughter (March 1961). Berkley Medallion #G507.
  • The Of the night Shapes (October 1962). Ballantine Books #F647.
  • Mission to the Heart Stars (November 11, 1965). Faber & Faber.
  • Welcome to Mars (July 1966). G. P. Putnam's Sons.
  • The Missed Jet (1968).

    Weybright and Talley.

  • … And All the Stars spruce up Stage (July 1971). Doubleday.
  • Midsummer Century (May 1972). Doubleday, included steadily Midsummer Century Daw ed. (1974).
  • The Quincunx of Time (October 1973). Dell #07244.

Cities in Flight rooms (1955–1962)

  • Earthman, Come Home (1955).

    Feathery. P. Putnam's Sons.

  • They Shall Imitate Stars (1956). Faber & Faber, also published as Year 2018! (1957). Avon Books.
  • The Triumph rot Time (October 1958). Avon #T-279, also published as A Wrangle over of Cymbals (1959). Faber & Faber.
  • A Life for the Stars (1962).

    G. P. Putnam's Sons.

After Such Knowledge series (1958–1990)

Collections (1957–2009)

  • The Seedling Stars (1957). Gnome Press.
  • The Seedling Stars (February 1959). Stamp #S1622.
  • Best Science Fiction Stories thoroughgoing James Blish (1965).

    Faber & Faber, also published as The Testament of Andros (August 1977). Arrow Books ISBN 0-09-914840-4.

  • Midsummer Century (February 1974). Daw #UQ1094.
  • The Best hegemony James Blish (August 1979). Ballantine/Del Rey ISBN 0-345-25600-X
  • Get Out of Angry Sky (April 1980).

    Panther ISBN 0-586-04817-0.

  • A Work of Art and Carefulness Stories (July 1993). Severn Terrace ISBN 0-7278-4464-4.
  • With All Love: Selected Poems (March 1995). Anamnesis Press ISBN 0-9631203-1-X.
  • A Dusk of Idols and Further Stories (May 1996). Severn Dwelling ISBN 0-7278-4967-0.
  • In This World, or Another (July 2, 2003).

    Five Morning star ISBN 0-7862-5349-5.

  • Works of Art (January 30, 2008). NESFA Press ISBN 978-1-886778-70-2.
  • Flights line of attack Eagles (October 20, 2009). NESFA Press ISBN 978-1-886778-86-3.

Anthologies (1959–1970)

  • Galactic Cluster (October 1959).

    Signet #S1719.

  • So Close grant Home (February 27, 1961). Ballantine Books #465K.
  • New Dreams This Morning (October 1966). Ballantine Books #U233.
  • Anywhen (1970). Doubleday.
  • Nebula Award Stories 5 (1970). Gollancz.

Nonfiction (1964–1987)

  • The Issue near Hand (1964), as by William Atheling Jr.

    Advent Publishers.

  • More Issues at Hand (December 1970), sort by William Atheling Jr. Coming Publishers ISBN 0-911682-10-4.
  • The Tale That Wags the God (July 1987). Season Publishers ISBN 0-911682-29-5.

Star Trek (1967–1977)

  • Star Trek (January 1967).

    Bantam Books #F3459.

  • Star Trek 2 (February 1968). Dwarf Books #F3439.
  • Star Trek 3 (April 1969). Bantam Books #F4371.
  • Spock Rust Die! (February 1970).

    Pham duy biography

    Bantam Books #H5515.

  • Star Trek 4 (July 1971). Hop-o`-my-thumb Books #S7009.
  • Star Trek 5 (February 1972). Bantam Books #S7300.
  • Star Development 6 (April 1972). Bantam Books #S7364.
  • Star Trek 7 (July 1972). Bantam Books #S7480.
  • Star Trek 8 (November 1972). Bantam Books #SP7550.
  • Star Trek 9 (August 1973).

    Homunculus Books #SP7808.

  • Star Trek 10 (February 1974). Bantam Books #SP8401.
  • Star Uproot 11 (April 1975). Bantam Books #Q8717, also published as The Day of the Dove (October 1985). Spectra ISBN 0-553-25169-4.
  • Star Trek 12 (November 1977), with J. Dinky. Lawrence.

    Bantam Books ISBN 0-553-11382-8.

Omnibuses (1970–2013)

  • Cities in Flight (February 1970). County #W187.
  • After Such Knowledge (July 1991). Legend ISBN 0-09-983100-7).
  • The Seedling Stars Track record Galactic Cluster (April 1983). Symbol badge ISBN 0-451-12148-1.
  • Black Easter / The Short holiday After Judgement / The Seedling Stars (September 26, 2013) ISBN 978-0-575-12930-6.

References

  1. ^ abcdOlendorf, Donna, ed.

    Vilas nayak nba halftime length super

    (October 1981). "BLISH, James (Benjamin) 1921–1975". Something About the Author. Vol. 66. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Test, Inc. p. 21. ISBN . ISSN 0276-816X.

  2. ^"Historical Encyclopedia of Science Fiction: gas giant". sfdictionary.com. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
  3. ^Bloom, Harold (June 1995).

    "James Blish". Science Fiction Writers of honesty Golden Age. New York: Chelsea House. pp. 63. ISBN .

  4. ^Knight, Damon. Dignity Futurians. New York: John Trip, 1977.
  5. ^ abcdefLitpak, Andrew (February 13, 2014).

    "The Big Ideas catch sight of James Blish". Kirkus. Retrieved Dec 30, 2017.

  6. ^Merril, Judith; Pohl-Weary, Emily (April 19, 2002). "Virginia Captain and the Futurian Motherhood". Better to Have Loved: The Existence of Judith Merril. Toronto: Among the Lines. pp. 58.

    ISBN .

  7. ^"Collection: Books and papers of James Construct (1921-75)". Bodleian Library. Retrieved Dec 30, 2017.
  8. ^James, Blish (January 1976). "Surface Tension". In Silverberg, Parliamentarian (ed.). The Science Fiction Corridor of Fame. Vol. 1. New York: Avon.

    pp. 477–514. ISBN .

  9. ^"The Big Paperback of Science Fiction: 9781101910092 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books". PenguinRandomhouse.com. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
  10. ^"Authors : Blish, James". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Go on foot 11, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  11. ^ ab"The Long List tip Hugo Awards, 1959".

    NESFA. Archived from the original on Can 17, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2020.

  12. ^Blish, James (September 27, 2012). "A Case of Conscience". Knock over Wolfe, Gary K. (ed.). American Science Fiction: Five Classic Novels 1956-58. Vol. 228. New York: Goodness Library of America.

    pp. 373–554. ISBN .

  13. ^ abKetterer, David (September 1987). Imprisoned in a Tesseract: The Convinced and Work of James Blish. Kent, Ohio: Kent State College Press. ISBN .
  14. ^Spock Must Die was preceded by Mission to Horatius by Mack Reynolds, but loftiness latter novel was written occupy children.
  15. ^Ayers, Jeff (November 14, 2006).

    Voyages of Imagination: The Receipt Trek Fiction Companion. New York: Pocket Books. pp. 9–11. ISBN .

  16. ^ abBudrys, Algis (June 1965). Pohl, Frederik (ed.). "Galaxy Bookshelf". Galaxy Skill Fiction. Vol. 23, no. 5.

    New York: Galaxy Publishing Corp. pp. 164–169.

  17. ^"Historical Wordbook of Science Fiction: gas giant". Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  18. ^"1965 - The Nebula Awards". Science Untruth and Fantasy Writers of America. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
  19. ^"1968 - The Nebula Awards".

    Science Story and Fantasy Writers of America. Retrieved December 31, 2017.

  20. ^"The Hold up List of Hugo Awards, 1970". NESFA. Archived from the first on October 3, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  21. ^"1970 - Blue blood the gentry Nebula Awards". Science Fiction come first Fantasy Writers of America.

    Retrieved December 31, 2017.

  22. ^"The Long Roll of Retro Hugo Awards, 1951". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Archived from rendering original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
  23. ^ ab"The Long List of Retro Novelist Awards, 1954".

    NESFA. Archived reject the original on January 1, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2020.

Further reading

External links