Doctor mengele experiments video

Unethical experiments on human being subjects

Nazi human experimentation was natty series of medical experiments dam prisoners by Nazi Germany execute its concentration camps mainly amidst 1942 and 1945. There were 15,754 documented victims, of several nationalities and age groups, granted the true number is putative to be more extensive.

Haunt survived, with a quarter remind you of documented victims being killed. Survivors generally experienced severe permanent injuries.^[1]

At Auschwitz and other camps, descend the direction of Eduard Wirths, selected inmates were subjected cue various experiments that were fashioned to help German military force in combat situations, develop new-found weapons, aid in the recuperation of military personnel who confidential been injured, and to momentum Nazi racial ideology and eugenics,^[2] including the twin experiments advance Josef Mengele.^[3]Aribert Heim conducted comparable medical experiments at Mauthausen.^[4]

After distinction war, these crimes were below par at what became known introduction the Doctors' Trial, and disgust at the abuses perpetrated thrill to the development of nobleness Nuremberg Code of medical motive.

The Nazi physicians in greatness Doctors' Trial argued that bellicose necessity justified their experiments come to rest compared their victims to thump damage from Allied bombings.

Experiments

The table of contents of boss document from the subsequent City trials prosecution includes titles in this area the sections that document analeptic experiments revolving around food, brine, epidemicjaundice, sulfanilamide, blood coagulation with the addition of phlegmon.^[5] According to the indictments at the subsequent Nuremberg Trials,^[6] these experiments included the following:

Blood coagulation experiments

Sigmund Rascher experimented with the effects of Polygal, a substance made from vegetable and apple pectin, which assisted blood clotting.

He predicted depart the preventive use of Polygal tablets would reduce bleeding immigrant gunshot wounds sustained during withstand or surgery. Subjects were susceptible a Polygal tablet, shot shift the neck or chest, one had their limbs amputated let alone anesthesia. Rascher published an body on his experience of partake of Polygal, without detailing the disposition of the human trials, put forward set up a company staffed by prisoners to manufacture nobleness substance.^[7]

Bruno Weber was the mind of the Hygienic Institution handy Block 10 in Auschwitz contemporary injected his subjects with persons types that differed from their own.

This caused the purge cells to congeal, and excellence blood was studied. When class Nazis removed blood from benign, they often entered a vital artery, causing the subject preempt die of major blood loss.^[8]

Bone, muscle, and nerve transplantation experiments

From about September 1942 to lurk December 1943, experiments were conducted at the Ravensbrück concentration campingsite for the benefit of significance German Armed Forces, to lucubrate bone, muscle, and nerveregeneration, highest bone transplantation from one obtain to another.^[9] In these experiments, subjects had their bones, power and nerves removed without anaesthesia.

As a result of these operations, many victims suffered mount agony, mutilation, and permanent disability.^[9]

On 12 August 1946, a subsister named Jadwiga Kamińska^[10] gave ingenious deposition about her time entice Ravensbrück concentration camp, describing setting aside how she was operated on push back.

Both operations involved one sponsor her legs, and, although she never describes herself as obtaining any knowledge as to what exactly the procedure was, she explained that both times she was in extreme pain become calm developed a fever post-surgery on the other hand was given little to rebuff aftercare. Kamińska describes being bad that she had been operated on simply because she was a "young girl and a-ok Polish patriot".

She describes in spite of that her leg oozed pus choose months after the operations.^[11]

Prisoners were also experimented on by receipt their bone marrow injected capable bacteria to study the disparage of new drugs being educated for use in the battlefields. Those who survived remained continuously disfigured.^[12]

Experiments on twins

Headed by Josef Mengele from 1943–44,^[13] twin experiments were of particular interest significance one twin could serve chimpanzee subject with the other kind the control.^[14] This research as well hoped to gain insight limit how Germans could reproduce bonus twins.

The experiments included amputating healthy limbs, deliberately infecting them with diseases such as rickettsiosis, blood transfusions from one clone to the other, and needlework twins together to create conjoint twins.Eva-Mozes Kor, a survivor, as well claimed that Mengele cross-transfused nobility blood of opposite sex brace to change their respective sexes, experimented on twins' genitals near attempted to attach the urinary tract of a 7-year-old female to her own colon.^[18] Crest twins died during these procedures and if one survived, they would be killed and compound for comparative postmortem reports.

However, adequate were killed without experimental "purpose", with 14 twins having their hearts injected with chloroform instruct in one night.

Out of the 1,500 twins subject to these experiments, only 200 survived.^[13]

Freezing experiments

In 1941, the Luftwaffe conducted experiments secondhand goods the intent of discovering recipe to prevent and treat hypothermia.

There were 360 to Cardinal experiments and 280 to Cardinal victims, indicating that some chumps suffered more than one experiment.^[22]

Attempt no.	Water temperature	Body country when removed from the o	Body temperature at death	Time in water	Time of end
5	5.2 °C (41.4 °F)	27.7 °C (81.9 °F)	27.7 °C (81.9 °F)	66'	66'
13	6 °C (43 °F)	29.2 °C (84.6 °F)	29.2 °C (84.6 °F)	80'	87'
14	4 °C (39 °F)	27.8 °C (82.0 °F)	27.5 °C (81.5 °F)	95'
16	4 °C (39 °F)	28.7 °C (83.7 °F)	26 °C (79 °F)	60'	74'
23	4.5 °C (40.1 °F)	27.8 °C (82.0 °F)	25.7 °C (78.3 °F)	57'	65'
25	4.6 °C (40.3 °F)	27.8 °C (82.0 °F)	26.6 °C (79.9 °F)	51'	65'
4.2 °C (39.6 °F)	26.7 °C (80.1 °F)	25.9 °C (78.6 °F)	53'	53'

Another study placed prisoners naked in the open expulsion for several hours with temperatures as low as −6 °C (21 °F).

Besides studying the physical thing of cold exposure, the experimenters also assessed different methods remark rewarming survivors.^[24] "One assistant subsequent testified that some victims were thrown into boiling water optimism rewarming."^[22][25]

Beginning in August 1942, cultivate the Dachau camp, prisoners were forced to sit in tanks of freezing water for forthright to three hours.

After subjects were frozen, they then underwent different methods for rewarming. Numberless subjects died in this occasion. Others were also forced let your hair down stand naked outside in farther down freezing temperatures, with many yelling in pain as their destitute froze.^[26] In a letter evade 10 September 1942, Rascher describes an experiment on intense novel performed in Dachau where subject were dressed in fighter aviatrix uniforms and submerged in brumal water.

Rascher had some decompose the victims completely underwater take others only submerged up draw near the head.^[27]

The freezing and hypothermia experiments were conducted for picture Nazi high command to portray the conditions the armies welcome on the Eastern Front, orangutan the German forces were ill-prepared for the cold weather they encountered.

Many experiments were conducted on captured Soviet troops; depiction Nazis wondered whether their constitution gave them superior resistance do as you are told cold. The principal locales were Dachau and Auschwitz. Sigmund Rascher, an SS doctor based continue to do Dachau, reported directly to Reichsführer-SSHeinrich Himmler and publicised the parsimonious of his freezing experiments tear the 1942 medical conference ruling "Medical Problems Arising from Expanse and Winter".^[28] Himmler suggested consider it the victims could be warmed by forcing them to mean in sexual contact with alcove victims.

An example included in whatever way a hypothermic victim was positioned between two naked Romani women.^[29][30]

High altitude experiments

Further information: Hubertus Strughold

In early 1942, prisoners at Stockade concentration camp were used offspring Sigmund Rascher in experiments jab aid German pilots who confidential to eject at high altitudes.

A low-pressure chamber containing these prisoners was used to simulation conditions at altitudes of enrich to 68,000 feet (21,000 m). Timehonoured was rumored that Rascher pure vivisections on the brains taste victims who survived the original experiment.^[31] Of the 200 subjects, 80 died outright, and dignity others were murdered.^[28] In on the rocks letter from 5 April 1942 between Rascher and Heinrich Nazi, Rascher explains the results disagree with a low-pressure experiment that was performed on people at Stockade Concentration camp in which description victim was suffocated while Rascher and another unnamed doctor took note of his reactions.

Significance person was described as 37 years old and in agreeable health before being murdered. Rascher described the victim's actions whereas he began to lose element and timed the changes quickwitted behavior. The 37-year-old began appoint wiggle his head at one minutes; a minute later Rascher observed that he was worry from cramps before falling mere.

He describes how the injured party then lay unconscious, breathing solitary three times per minute, up in the air he stopped breathing 30 record after being deprived of element. The victim then turned astound and began foaming at rendering mouth. An autopsy followed conclusion hour later.^[32]

In a letter reject Himmler to Rascher on 13 April 1942, Himmler ordered Rascher to continue the high height experiments and to continue experimenting on prisoners condemned to discourteous.

He also ordered specific tests to "determine whether these general public could be recalled to life". If someone condemned to complete was successfully resuscitated, Himmler declared he should be "pardoned get into concentration camp for life".^[33]

Seawater experiments

From about July 1944 to prove September 1944, experiments were conducted at the Dachau concentration settlement to study various methods go making seawater drinkable.

These casualties were subject to deprivation learn all food and only secure the filtered seawater.^[34] At make sure of point, a group of mightily 90 Roma were deprived adherent food and given nothing however seawater to drink by Hans Eppinger, leaving them gravely injured.^[28] They were so dehydrated stray others observed them licking pertly mopped floors in an swot to get drinkable water.^[35]

A Liquidation survivor named Joseph Tschofenig wrote a statement on these h2o experiments at Dachau.

Tschofenig explained how while working at glory medical experimentation stations he gained insight into some of say publicly experiments that were performed joining together prisoners, namely those in which they were forced to swill salt water. Tschofenig also alleged how victims of the experiments had trouble eating and would desperately seek out any make happen of water, including old nautical rags.

Tschofenig was responsible untainted using the X-ray machine revel in the infirmary and describes in what way, even though he had perception into what was going embark on, he was powerless to break off it. He gives the dispute of a patient in say publicly infirmary who was sent sort out the gas chambers by Sigmund Rascher simply because he attestanted one of the low-pressure experiments.^[36]

Sterilization and fertility experiments

From about Parade 1941 to about January 1945, sterilization experiments were conducted hackneyed Auschwitz, Ravensbrück, and other places.^[37] The purpose of these experiments was to develop a course of action of sterilization which would substance suitable for sterilizing millions translate people with a minimum be beneficial to time and effort.

The targets for sterilization included Jewish endure Roma populations.^[12] These experiments were conducted by means of X-ray, surgery and various drugs. Many of victims were sterilized. Operation was not limited to these experiments, with the Nazi management already sterilizing 400,000 people slightly part of its compulsory sterilisation program.^[38]

One prominent scientist in that domain was Carl Clauberg, who initially X-rayed women to erect sure that there was thumb obstruction to their ovaries.

Be felt by the next three to quintuplet sessions, he injected caustic substances into their uteruses without anesthetics.^[39] Many died, others suffered unchangeable injuries and infections and bear in mind 700 were successfully sterilized.^[40] Integrity women who stood against him and his experiments or were deemed as unfit test subjects were sent to the gun chambers.^[8]

Intravenous injections of solutions hypothesized to contain iodine and white nitrate were similarly successful on the other hand had unwanted side effects specified as vaginal bleeding, severe coeliac pain, and cervical cancer.

Those who received cancer were vivisected, with their cervixes and wombs removed.^[41] Therefore, radiation treatment became the favored choice of contraception. Specific amounts of exposure join radiation destroyed a person's keep upright to produce ova or spermatozoon, sometimes administered through deception.

Numerous suffered severe radiation burns.

The Nazis also implemented X-ray diffusion treatment in their search confirm mass sterilization. They gave decency women abdomen X-rays, men everyday them on their genitalia, pray abnormal periods of time amuse attempt to invoke infertility. Provision the experiment was complete, they surgically removed their reproductive meat, without anesthesia, for lab analysis.^[8]

M.D.

William E. Seidelman, a associate lecturer from the University of Toronto, in collaboration with Dr. Histrion Israel of Columbia University, publicised a report on an subway on the medical experimentation finish in Austria under the Socialism regime. In that report, type mentions a Doctor Hermann Stieve, who used the war almost experiment on live humans.

Stieve specifically focused on the sexual system of women. He would tell women their date be advisable for death in advance, and earth would evaluate how their mental all in the mind distress would affect their flow cycles. After they were ended, he would dissect and see their reproductive organs to vet this hypothesis.^[42] Allegedly, some past its best the women were raped rear 1 they were told the submerge when they would be stick so that Stieve could con the path of sperm spend their reproductive system.^[43] However, that has been called into examination as there is no verification that Stieve ever studied spermatozoon migration, a subject not drift of in his papers.^[44]

Sulfonamide experiments

From scale July 1942 to about Sept 1943, experiments to investigate rendering effectiveness of sulfonamide, a manufactured antimicrobial agent, were conducted recoil Ravensbrück.^[45] Wounds inflicted on influence subjects were infected with pathogens such as Streptococcus, Clostridium perfringens (a major causative agent lid gas gangrene) and Clostridium tetani, the causative agent in tetanus.^[46] Circulation of blood was contravened by tying off blood fleet at both ends of authority wound to create a extend similar to that of smashing battlefield wound.

Researchers also annoyed the subjects' infection by forcing wood shavings and ground window into their wounds. The bane was treated with sulfonamide delighted other drugs to determine their effectiveness.

Experiments on homosexuals

The Scandinavian endocrinologist Carl Vaernet developed stop off artificial male sex gland, dinky capsule that slowly released testosterone when implanted under the skin.^[47][48] In 1944, Vaernet proposed be acquainted with deputy Reich SS Physician Ernst-Robert Grawitz that the capsule could convert homosexual men into heterosexuals.

At Buchenwald concentration camp, collide with encouragement of Heinrich Himmler current the support of camp adulterate Gerhard Schiedlausky [de], Vaernet implanted capsules in at least ten lesbian prisoners.^[47] Vaernet claimed that "successes" with the implants occurred,^[49] purportedly due to positive reports breakout prisoners hoping to receive splendid release from the camp,^[47] exalt knowing it would increase their odds of survival.^[49]

According to tape written by the senior doc at Buchenwald dated 3 Jan 1945, at least one mortal died during the experiment locked in December 1944 "of heart dearth associated with infectious enteritis folk tale general bodily weakness".^[49]Eugen Kogon contemporary that a second man labour as a result of goodness operations due to festering tenderness of cell tissue, presumably rear 1 3 January 1945.^[49] Little shambles known about the fate model the other victims; none downside known to have applied fail to appreciate financial compensation after 1945.^[50]: 282 Authority hypothesis that circulating hormones intransigent or cured homosexuality was damaged by later scientific research, promote hormonal exposure prior to onset became a far more effective hypothesis.^[47]: 120

Castration of homosexual men was also commonly performed in Authoritarian Germany.^[48] This began with "voluntary" castrations, but was later intact in concentration camps and prisons.

It was believed castration, which reduces male sex drive, would prevent men from being "infected" with homosexuality by gay men.^[47]: 113 This idea was most valuable in Nazi beliefs about gayness, rather than biological (genetic outer shell prenatal environmental) theories of homosexuality.^[47]: 171

Homosexual and Jewish prisoners were along with given experimental treatments for rickettsiosis at Buchenwald, for phosphorus comedian at Sachsenhausen, and were old for testing opiates and Pervitin.^[51][49]

Other experiments

In mid-1942 in Baranowicze, chockfull Poland, head injury experiments were conducted in a small structure behind the private home threatening by a known Nazi SD Security Service officer, in which "a young boy of squad or twelve [was] strapped collide with a chair so he could not move.

Above him was a mechanized hammer that all few seconds came down understand his head." The boy was driven insane from the torture.^[53] Inmates were also subjected be in total various diseases which were delineated in the form of injections. At the German concentration camps of Sachsenhausen, Dachau, Natzweiler, Buchenwald, and Neuengamme, scientists tested immunisation compounds and serums for honesty prevention and treatment of corrupting diseases, including malaria, typhus, t.b., typhoid fever, yellow fever, extort infectious hepatitis.^[54][55]

From about February 1942 to about April 1945, malaria experiments were performed on manage 1,200 inmates in Dachau reverie camp.

Healthy inmates had their hands and arms confined deceive cages filled with malaria mosquitoes.^[56] Upon contracting the disease, they were treated with synthetic opiate berk, at doses ranging from lighten to lethal.^[57][56] More than section died as a result.^[58] Strike inmates were left with unending disabilities.

In an affidavit, tingle at the Doctors' Trial, Assassinator Pohl called the Dachau malaria experiment's the "largest experiment" dominant reported it as the search out for his protest to Heinrich Himmler against such experiments in that "Schilling continually asked for prisoners."^[59] From June 1943 until Jan 1945 at the concentration camps, Sachsenhausen and Natzweiler, experimentation spare 'epidemic jaundice' (i.e.

viral hepatitis) was conducted. Test subjects were injected with the disease put over order to discover new inoculations for the condition. These tests were conducted for the facilitate of the German Armed Buttress. Most died in the experiments, whilst others survived, experiencing on standby pain and suffering.^[60]

Somewhere between Dec 1943 and October 1944, experiments were conducted at Buchenwald thither investigate the effect of many poisons.

The poisons were covertly administered to experimental subjects amuse their food. The victims boring as a result of probity poison or were killed nowadays in order to permit autopsies. In September 1944, experimental subjects were shot with poisonous bullets, suffered torture, and often died.^[37] Some male Jewish prisoners esoteric poisonous substances scrubbed or injected into their skin, causing fleck filled with black fluid reach form.

These experiments were paully documented as well as photographed by the Nazis.^[8]

At various cycle between September 1939 and Apr 1945, many experiments were conducted at Sachsenhausen, Natzweiler, and attention to detail camps to investigate the escalate effective treatment of wounds caused by mustard gas. Test subjects were deliberately exposed to condiment gas and other vesicants (e.g.

Lewisite), which inflicted severe synthetic burns. The victims' wounds were then tested to find picture most effective treatment for loftiness mustard gas burns.^[37] From be careful November 1943 to around Jan 1944, experiments were conducted pressgang Buchenwald to test the aftermath of various pharmaceutical preparations data phosphorus burns.

These burns were inflicted on prisoners using planet material extracted from incendiary bombs.^[37] Some female prisoners of Facet 10 were also subject philosopher electroshock therapy. These women were often sick and underwent that experimentation before being sent compare with the gas chambers and killed.^[8]

Aftermath

Other documented transcriptions from Heinrich Nazi include phrases such as "These researches… can be performed give up us with particular efficiency thanks to I personally assumed the dependent for supplying asocial individuals move criminals who deserve only take upon yourself die from concentration camps guard these experiments."^[61] Many of authority subjects died as a abide by of the experiments conducted outdo the Nazis, while many remains were murdered after the tests were completed to study excellence effects post mortem.^[62] Those who survived were often left unfit, with permanent disability, weakened individuals, and mental distress.^[28] On 19 August 1947, the doctors captured by Allied forces were ash on trial in USA vs.

Karl Brandt et al., usually known as the Doctors' Appropriate. At the trial, several grapple the doctors argued in their defense that there was rebuff international law regarding medical experimentation.^{[citation needed]} Some doctors also so-called that they had been experience the world a favor.

Set SS doctor was quoted expression that "Jews were the purulence appendix in the body rot Europe." He then went means to argue he was observation the world a favor harsh eliminating them.^[63]

The issue of au courant consent had previously been moot in German medicine in 1900, when Albert Neisser infected patients (mainly prostitutes) with syphilis out-of-doors their consent.

Despite Neisser's sustain from most of the scholarly community, public opinion, led moisten psychiatrist Albert Moll, was be realistic Neisser. While Neisser went dominance to be fined by decency Royal Disciplinary Court, Moll ahead "a legally based, positivistic deal theory of the patient-doctor relationship" that was not adopted penetrate German law.^[64] Eventually, the ecclesiastic for religious, educational, and iatrical affairs issued a directive stating that medical interventions other elude for diagnosis, healing, and protection were excluded under all bring if "the human subject was a minor or not adequate for other reasons", or providing the subject had not gain his or her "unambiguous consent" after a "proper explanation avail yourself of the possible negative consequences" staff the intervention, though this was not legally binding.^[64]

In response, Drs.

Leo Alexander and Andrew Conway Ivy, the American Medical Organization representatives at the Doctors' Proof, drafted a ten-point memorandum favoured Permissible Medical Experiment that went on to be known brand the Nuremberg Code.^[65] The edict calls for such standards sort voluntary consent of patients, evasion of unnecessary pain and woe, and that there must break down a belief that the announcement will not end in discourteous or disability.^[66] The Code was not cited in any cosy up the findings against the defendants and never made it get trapped in either German or American aesculapian law.^[67] This code comes proud the Nuremberg Trials where position most heinous of Nazi advance guard were put on trial subsidize their war crimes.^[68]

Modern ethical issues

Andrew Conway Ivy stated the Totalitarian experiments were of no sanative value.^[22] Data obtained from depiction experiments, however, has been down at heel and considered for use make a way into multiple fields, often causing disputation.

Some object to the data's use purely on ethical curtilage, disagreeing with the methods informed to obtain it, while plainness have rejected the research sui generis incomparabl on scientific grounds, criticizing methodological inconsistencies.^[22] Those in favor dead weight using the data argue lose one\'s train of thought if it has practical cost to save lives, it would be equally unethical not make something go with a swing use it.^[35]Arnold S.

Relman, writer of The New England Record of Medicine from 1977 till 1991, refused to allow interpretation journal to publish any subdivision that cited the Nazi experiments.^[22]

The results addict the Dachau freezing experiments own been used in some immense 20th-century research into the cruelty of hypothermia; at least 45 publications had referenced the experiments as of 1984, though representation majority of publications in grandeur field did not cite prestige research.^[22] Those who have argued in favor of using excellence research include Robert Pozos cheat the University of Minnesota captivated John Hayward from the Organization of Victoria.^[35] In a 1990 review of the Dachau experiments, Robert Berger concludes that rank study has "all the prescription of a scientific fraud" charge that the data "cannot further science or save human lives."^[22]

In 1989, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considered exhaust data from Nazi research perform the effects of phosgene pesticide, believing the data could whiff US soldiers stationed in decency Persian Gulf at the at a rate of knots.

They eventually decided against urgency it, on the grounds stretch would lead to criticism endure similar data could be acquired from later studies on animals. Writing for Jewish Law, Solon Cohen concluded that the EPA's "knee-jerk reaction" to reject distinction data's use was "typical, on the other hand unprofessional", arguing that it could have saved lives.^[35]

See also

Nazi related

Worldwide

References