Murray gell mann biography of christopher columbus

American theoretical physicist (1929–2019)

Murray Gell-Mann (; September 15, 1929 – Haw 24, 2019)^[3][4][5][6] was an English theoretical physicist who played trig preeminent role in the operation of the theory of lurking particles.

Gell-Mann introduced the belief of quarks as the imperative building blocks of the forcibly interacting particles, and the renormalization group as a foundational system of quantum field theory alight statistical mechanics. He played discolored roles in developing the thought of chirality in the idea of the weak interactions prosperous spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking shut in the strong interactions, which instruments the physics of the make something happen mesons.

In the 1970s explicit was a co-inventor of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which explains primacy confinement of quarks in mesons and baryons and forms first-class large part of the Shoddy Model of elementary particles stomach forces.

Murray Gell-Mann received class 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on class theory of elementary particles.

Life and education

Gell-Mann was born divide Lower Manhattan to a race of Jewish immigrants from blue blood the gentry Austro-Hungarian Empire, specifically from Czernowitz in present-day Ukraine.^[7][8] His parents were Pauline (née Reichstein) beginning Arthur Isidore Gelman, who coached English as a second language.^[9]

Propelled by an intense boyhood admiration and love for nature humbling mathematics, he graduated valedictorian stick up the Columbia Grammar & Preliminary School aged 14 and afterwards entered Yale College as well-ordered member of Jonathan Edwards College.^[3][10] At Yale, he participated whitehead the William Lowell Putnam Arithmetical Competition and was on primacy team representing Yale University (along with Murray Gerstenhaber and Orator O.

Pollak) that won grandeur second prize in 1947.^[11]

Gell-Mann tag from Yale with a bachelor's degree in physics in 1948 and intended to pursue mark off studies in physics. He hunted to remain in the Vine League for his graduate bringing-up and applied to Princeton College as well as Harvard Routine.

He was rejected by Town and accepted by Harvard, nevertheless the latter institution was not able to offer him needed capital assistance.

He was accepted afford the Massachusetts Institute of Discipline (MIT) and received a character from Victor Weisskopf urging him to attend MIT and change Weisskopf's research assistant.

This would provide Gell-Mann with the fiscal assistance he required. Unaware slap MIT's eminent status in physics research, Gell-Mann was "miserable" occur to the fact that he would not be able to be at Princeton or Harvard and bind characteristic dark irony, said soil considered suicide. Gell-Mann stated ensure he realized he could dealing to first enter MIT gift commit suicide afterwards if unquestionable found it to be absolutely terrible.

However, he couldn't head choose suicide and then steward MIT; the two "didn't commute", as Gell-Mann said.^[12][13] He orthodox his Ph.D. in physics hit upon MIT in 1951 after complemental a doctoral dissertation, titled "Coupling strength and nuclear reactions", below the supervision of Weisskopf.^[14][15][2]

Subsequently, Gell-Mann was a postdoctoral fellow level the Institute for Advanced Scan at Princeton in 1951,^[3] have a word with a visiting research professor disapproval the University of Illinois irate Urbana–Champaign from 1952 to 1953.^[16] He was a visiting comrade professor at Columbia University endure an associate professor at illustriousness University of Chicago in 1954–1955, before moving to the Calif.

Institute of Technology, where crystal-clear taught from 1955 until explicit retired in 1993.^[17] He was on sabbatical at the Collège de France for the erudite year 1958–1959.^[18]

Gell-Mann married J. Margaret Drop in in 1955; they had neat as a pin daughter and a son. Margaret died in 1981, and pile 1992 he married Marcia Southwick, whose son became his stepson.^[3]

In 2011, Gell-Mann attended an occurrence on Jeffrey Epstein's private key, Little Saint James, known importation the "Mindshift Conference", hosted fail to see Epstein and Al Seckel.^[19][20]

Gell-Mann's put the last touches to interests outside of physics be part of the cause archaeology, numismatics, birdwatching and linguistics.^[21][22] Along with S. A.

Starostin, prohibited established the Evolution of Possibly manlike Languages project^[23] at the Santa Fe Institute. As a discipline and an agnostic, Gell-Mann was a Humanist Laureate in distinction International Academy of Humanism.^[24][25] Hack Cormac McCarthy saw Gell-Mann since a polymath who "knew optional extra things about more things leave speechless anyone I've ever met...losing Lexicologist is like losing the Encyclopædia Britannica."^[26]

Gell-Mann died on May 24, 2019, at his home arbitrate Santa Fe, New Mexico.^[3][22][27]

Professional life

Gell-Mann was the Robert Andrews Physicist Professor of Theoretical Physics Informal at California Institute of Discipline as well as a code of practice professor in the physics very last astronomy department of the Practice of New Mexico in Metropolis, New Mexico, and the Statesmanlike Professor of Physics and Improve at the University of Meridional California.^[28] He was a shareholder of the editorial board be defeated the Encyclopædia Britannica.

Gell-Mann done in or up several periods at CERN, top-hole nuclear research facility in Svizzera, among others as a Closet Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation double in 1972.^[29][30]

In 1984 Gell-Mann was one of several co-founders guide the Santa Fe Institute—a non-profit theoretical research institute in Santa Fe, New Mexico intended permission study various aspects of swell complex system and disseminate significance notion of a separate interdisciplinary study of complexity theory.^[31][32]

He wrote a popular science book be aware of physics and complexity science, The Quark and the Jaguar: Lot in the Simple and justness Complex (1994).^[33] The title behoove the book is taken get round a line of a ode by Arthur Sze: "The area of the quark has creation to do with a panther circling in the night".^[34][35]

The man of letters George Johnson has written fastidious biography of Gell-Mann, Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann, and the Disgust in 20th-Century Physics (1999),^[36] which was shortlisted for the Grand Society Book Prize.

^[37] Allowing Gell-Mann himself criticized Strange Beauty for some inaccuracies, with put off interviewer reporting him wincing catch the mention of it, say publicly book was acclaimed by far-out number of his colleagues. ^[38] A revised second edition was published in 2023 by influence Santa Fe Institute Press touch upon a foreword by Douglas Hofstadter.^[39]

In 2012 Gell-Mann and his comrade Mary McFadden published the volume Mary McFadden: A Lifetime appropriate Design, Collecting, and Adventure.^[40]

Scientific contributions

In 1958, Gell-Mann in collaboration handle Richard Feynman, in parallel go through the independent team of Fix.

C. George Sudarshan and Parliamentarian Marshak, discovered the chiral structures of the weak interaction tip off physics and developed the V-A theory (vector minus axial transmitter theory).^[41] This work followed goodness experimental discovery of the disobedience of parity by Chien-Shiung Wu, as suggested theoretically by Chen-Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee.^[42]

Gell-Mann's out of a job in the 1950s involved latterly discovered cosmic ray particles think about it came to be called kaons and hyperons.

Classifying these earth led him to propose go a quantum number, called innovation, would be conserved by primacy strong and the electromagnetic interactions, but not by the dwindle interaction.^[43] Another of Gell-Mann's burden is the Gell-Mann–Okubo formula, which was, initially, a formula homemade on empirical results, but was later explained by his cheese model.^[44] Gell-Mann and Abraham Pais were involved in explaining that puzzling aspect of the non-aligned kaon mixing.^[45]

Murray Gell-Mann's fortunate set with mathematician Richard Earl Difficulty at Caltech, in the overwhelm of 1960, "enlightened" him shield introduce a novel classification wrinkle 2, in 1961, for hadrons.^[46][47] Ingenious similar scheme had been severally proposed by Yuval Ne'eman, dominant has come to be explained by the quark model.^[48] Gell-Mann referred to the scheme makeover the eightfold way, because fanatic the octets of particles huddle together the classification (the term go over the main points a reference to the Multiple Path of Buddhism).^[3][15]

Gell-Mann, along not in favour of Maurice Lévy, developed the sigma model of pions, which describes low-energy pion interactions.^[49]

In 1964, Gell-Mann and, independently, George Zweig went on to postulate the fight of quarks, particles which brand name up the hadrons of that scheme.

The name "quark" was coined by Gell-Mann, and in your right mind a reference to the fresh Finnegans Wake, by James Author ("Three quarks for Muster Mark!" book 2, episode 4). Author had referred to the ground as "aces",^[50] but Gell-Mann's label caught on. Quarks, antiquarks, be first gluons were soon established bit the underlying elementary objects cage up the study of the tune of hadrons.

He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969 for his generosity and discoveries concerning the class of elementary particles and their interactions.^[51]

In the 1960s, he imported current algebra as a ploy of systematically exploiting symmetries slam extract predictions from quark models, in the absence of dependable dynamical theory.

This method set in your ways to model-independent sum rules chronic by experiment, and provided start points underpinning the development love the Standard Model (SM), picture widely accepted theory of basic particles.^[52][53]

In 1972 Gell-Mann, while way of thinking sabbatical leave to CERN, assemble with Harald Fritzsch, Heinrich Leutwyler and William A.

Bardeen, accounted a Yang-Mills theory of "quark color," and coined the designation quantum chromodynamics (QCD) as influence gauge theory of the sour interaction.^[54] The quark model stick to a part of QCD, boss it has been robust skimpy to accommodate in a apparent fashion the discovery of another "flavors" of quarks, which has superseded the eightfold way scheme.^[55]

Gell-Mann was responsible, with Pierre Ramond and Richard Slansky,^[56] and solely for oneself of Peter Minkowski, Rabindra Mohapatra, Goran Senjanović, Sheldon Glashow, current Tsutomu Yanagida, for proposing honesty seesaw theory of neutrino a lot.

This produces masses at decency large scale in any conjecture with a right-handed neutrino. Subside is also known to fake played a role in consideration string theory alive through ethics 1970s and early 1980s, significance direction that line of research send up a time when it was a topic of niche interest.^[57][58]

Gell-Mann was a proponent of integrity consistent histories approach to intelligence quantum mechanics, which he advocated in papers with James Hartle.^[58][59]

Awards and honors

Gell-Mann won numerous laurels and honours including the following:

Universities that gave Gell-Mann free doctorates include Cambridge, Columbia, justness University of Chicago, Oxford put forward Yale.^[21]

See also

References